Shield Mark v. J. Kist
INTA Position: Under European trademark law, a sound, under appropriate factual circumstances, can function as a trademark.
Outcome: The European Court of Justice ruled that sounds may function as trademarks, provided they are capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from another and are capable of being represented graphically
Libertel Groep B.V. v. Benelux Merkenbureau
INTA Position: Under European trademark law, a color, under appropriate factual circumstances, can function as a trademark.
Outcome: The European Court of Justice ruled that color alone, without any form or shape, may function as a trademark if it has a distinctive character and if the color may be represented graphically in a way that is clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective.